Effect of Smell and Taste of Breast Milk and Sucrose on the Relief of Venipuncture Pain in Neonates: A Randomized Clinical Trail

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

2 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

3 Nursing Care Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

5 Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

Abstract

Background: Venipuncture is a common procedure in the neonatal department and causes significant pain for infants. This study aimed to compare the effect of tasting sucrose solution with those of smelling and tasting breast milk on the intensity of venipuncture pain in neonates.
Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 99 full-term neonates at Bouali Sina Hospital in Sari, Iran. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 24% sucrose(n:34), breast milk smell (n:31) and breast milk taste(n:34). Their venipuncture pain was measured using neonatal infant acute pain assessment scale (NIAPAS). The vital signs of neonates were monitored from two minutes before to 60 seconds after venipuncture. The data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilks, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, at a significant level of 5%, and the Friedman tests.
Results: The mean scores of pain during venipuncture in the breast milk smell, breast milk taste, and sucrose groups were 7.22 ± 2.41, 8.58 ± 2.25, and 7.23 ± 2.61, respectively. The mean scores of pain 30 seconds after venipuncture in the breast milk smell and taste groups and the sucrose group were 2.25 ± 2.87, 4.41±4.30, and 2.70±3.18, respectively. The mean scores of pain 60 seconds after venipuncture in the breast milk smell and taste groups and the sucrose group were 0.45 ± 0.88, 1.55 ± 2.20, and 0.47 ± 0.96, respectively. The mean score of pain was significantly different at 30 and 60 seconds after venipuncture (P = 0.017 and 0.22, respectively).
Conclusion: The smell and taste of maternal breast milk, in case of lack of sucrose, were effective in the relief of venipuncture pain among hospitalized neonates. It is suggested to use these non-invasive and cost-effective methods to relieve the pain of newborns during painful treatment procedures, especially when the mother is not present in the ward.
 

Keywords

References

  1. Mehrnoush N, Ashktorab T, Heidarzadeh M, Momenzadeh S, Khalafi J. Pain management perceptions of the neonatal nurses in NICUs and neonatal units in Ardebil, Iran. Iran J Neonatol. 2016;7(4):23-2
  2. Verklan MT, Walden M. Core curriculum for neonatal intensive care nursing. 5th ed. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014:316-3
  3. Baarslag MA, Allegaert K, Van Den Anker JN, Knibbe CA, Van Dijk M, Simons SH, et al. Paracetamol and morphine for infant and neonatal pain; still a long way to go? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10(1):111-1
  4. Cruz MD, Fernandes AM, Oliveira CR. Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: A systematic review of observational studies. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(4):489-4
  5. Rocha VA, Silva IA, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Bueno M. Painful procedures and pain management in newborns admitted to an intensive care unit. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e20210232. English, Portuguese.
  6. Pölkki T, Korhonen A, Laukkala H. Nurses' Perceptions of pain assessment and management practices in neonates: A cross-sectional survey. Scand J Caring Sci. 2018;32(2):725-733.
  7. Ranger M, Chau CM, Garg A, Woodward TS, Beg MF, Bjornson B, et al. Neonatal pain-related stress predicts cortical thickness at age 7 years in children born very preterm. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76702.
  8. Wu HP, Yin T, Hsieh KH, Lan HY, Feng RC, Chang YC, et al. Integration of different sensory interventions from mother's breast milk for preterm infant pain during peripheral venipuncture procedures: A prospective randomized controlled trial. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2020 Jan;52(1):75-84.
  9. Badiee Z, Asghari M, Mohammadizadeh M. The calming effect of maternal breast milk odor on premature infants. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54(5): 322-325.
  10. Polkki T, Korhonen A, Axelin A, Saarela T, Laukkala H. Development and preliminary validation of the Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS). Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(12):1585-15
  11. Roue JM, Kuhn P, Lopez Maestro M, Maastrup RA, Mitanchez D, Westrup B, et al. Eight principles for patient-centred and family-centred care for newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017;102(4):F364-F36
  12. Zhu J, Hong-Gu H, Zhou X, Wei H, Gao Y, Ye B, et al. Pain relief effect of breast feeding and music therapy during heel lance for healthy-term neonates in China: A randomized controlled trial. Midwifery. 2015;31(3):365-3
  13. Harrison D, Bueno M, Reszel J. Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate. Res Rep Neonatol. 2015;5:9-16.
  14. Danaie M, Yeganegi M, Dastgheib SA, Bahrami R, Jayervand F, Rahmani A, et al. The interaction of breastfeeding and genetic factors on childhood obesity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2024;23:100334.
  15. da Motta Gde C, da Cunha ML. Prevention and non-pharmacological management of pain in newborns. Rev Bras Enferm. 2015;68(1):123-7, 31-5. English, Portuguese. 
  16. Harrison D, Reszel J, Bueno M, Sampson M, Shah VS, Taddio A, et al. Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD011248.
  17. Marofi M, Nikobakht F, Mohammadi Nasrollah A, Badiei Z. Comparing the effect of listening to melody vs. breast-feeding on neonates’pain intensity during heel-blood sampling in neonatal intensive care unit. J Anesthesiol Pain. 2015;5(3):45-54.
  18. Baudesson de Chanville A, Brevaut-Malaty V, Garbi A, Tosello B, Baumstarck K, Gire C. Analgesic effect of maternal human milk odor on premature neonates: A randomized controlled trial. J Hum Lact. 2017;33(2):300-30
  19. Harrison D, Larocque C, Bueno M, Stokes Y, Turner L, Hutton B, Stevens B. Sweet Solutions to Reduce Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2017 Jan;139(1):e20160955.
  20. Thakkar P, Arora K, Goyal K, Das RR, Javadekar B, Aiyer S, et al. To evaluate and compare the efficacy of combined sucrose and non-nutritive sucking for analgesia in newborns undergoing minor painful procedure: A randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2016;36(1):67-70.
  21. Stevens B, Yamada J, Lee GY, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1):CD001069.
  22. Morash D, Fowler K. An evidence-based approach to changing practice: using sucrose for infant analgesia. J Pediatr Nurs. 2004;19(5):366-370.
  23. Chiabi A, Eloundou E, Mah E, Nguefack S, Mekone IN, Mbonda E. Evaluation of breastfeeding and 30% glucose solution as analgesic measures in indigenous African term neonates. J Clin Neonatol. 2016;5(1):46-50.
  24. Sener Taplak A, Erdem E. A comparison of breast milk and sucrose in reducing neonatal pain during eye exam for retinopathy of prematurity. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12:305-3
  25. Tarhani F, Dalvand S, Tarrahi MJ, Ahmadi M. Analgesic effect of expressed breast milk in neonates during venipuncture in comparison with formula and 50% dextrose. Sci Mag Yafte. 2013;14(5):23-2
  26. Ou-Yang MC, Chen IL, Chen CC, Chung MY, Chen FS, Huang HC. Expressed breast milk for procedural pain in preterm neonates: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(1):15-21.
  27. Sethi R, Nayak G. Effect of 24% oral sucrose in pain reduction during venipuncture in neonates. Asian J Nurs Educ Res. 2015;5(4):457-460.
  28. Hall RW, Anand KJ. Pain management in newborns. Clin Perinatol. 2014;41(4):895-924.
  29. Committee on Fetus Newborn, Section on Anesthesiology Pain Medicine. Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: An update. Pediatrics. 2016;137(2):e20154271.
  30. Yin T, Yang L, Lee TY, Li CC, Hua YM, Liaw JJ. Development of atraumatic heel-stick procedures by combined treatment with non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking: A randomised, controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(8):1288-12
  31. Sabety F, Yaghoobi M, Torabizadeh M, Javaherizadeh H, Haghighizadeh MH, Muhammadian F. Which is better for pain reduction before venipuncture: glucose, lidocaine or expressed breast milk. J HK J Paediatr. 2013;18:19-23.
  32. Hsieh KH, Chen SJ, Tsao PC, Wang CC, Huang CF, Lin CM, et al. The analgesic effect of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce procedural pain in preterm neonates. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018;59(1):71-7
  33. Cao Van H, Guinand N, Damis E, Mansbach AL, Poncet A, Hummel T, et al. Olfactory stimulation may promote oral feeding in immature newborn:
    A randomized controlled trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(1):125-12
  34. Nishitani S, Miyamura T, Tagawa M, Sumi M, Takase R, Doi H, et al. The calming effect of a maternal breast milk odor on the human newborn infant. Neurosci Res. 2009;63(1):66-71.
  35. Rattaz C, Goubet N, Bullinger A. The calming effect of a familiar odor on full-term newborns. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26(2):86-92.
Iranian Journal of Neonatology
Volume 15, Issue 4
October 2024
Pages 35-42

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics