Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Authors

1 Ilam University of Medical Sciences

2 Prevention Center of Social-Mental injuries, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

3 School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

4 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran

5 Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

6 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

Abstract

Background: Congenital anomaly is a disturbance in fetal growth and development during pregnancy and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the first year of life. In addition, this anomaly causes a large waste of heath care resources. We aimed to determine the prevalence and proportion rates of different congenital anomalies in Iran via a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods: The present study was performed to estimate the prevalence and proportion rates of different anomalies in Iran via a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therefore, all the studies performed in Iran between 2000 and 2016 were evaluated. For this purpose, Medlib, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Irandoc, Magiran, IranMedex, and SID databases were searched by two different expert individuals independently. For the qualification survey of the papers, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist was applied. Then, the extracted data were entered into STATA (ver.11.1) and analysed using statistical tests of stability and random effects models in meta-regression, a tool used in meta-analysis. The 95% confidence intervals were calculated by I-square models. Meta regression was introduced to explore the heterogeneities among studies.
Results: Overall, 36 papers with a total sample size of 909,961 neonates were analysed. The total prevalence rate for congenital anomalies was 18/1000 live births, 23.2/1000 and 18/1000 for boys and girls, respectively. Moreover, 55.8% of all congenital anomalies pertained to boys. The greatest prevalence and proportion rates of congenital anomalies belonged to musculoskeletal disorders followed by urogenital anomalies (9.3/1000 [34%] and 5.7/1000 [20%], respectively), and the lowest figures belonged to chromosomal and respiratory system anomalies (0.8/1000 [6%] and 0.3/1000 [2%], respectively).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this meta-analysis, the prevalence of congenital anomalies is notably high in Iran and annually imposes huge visible and non-visible expenses on individuals, societies, and heath care systems. Therefore, preparation of tools and centres for the early diagnosis and prevention of birth defects and rehabilitation of those with congenital anomalies throughout Iran are essential.

Keywords

References

1. Kurinczuk JJ, Hollowell J, Boyd PA, Oakley L, Brocklehurst P, Gray R. Inequalities in infant mortality project briefing paper 4. The contribution of congenital anomalies to infant mortality. Oxford: National Prenatal Epidemiology Unit; 2010.
2. Abdi-Rad I, Khoshkalam M, Farrokh-Islamlou HR. The prevalence at birth of overt congenital anomalies in Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2008; 11(2):148-51.
3. Hosseini S, Nikravesh A, Hashemi Z, Rakhshi N. Race of apparent abnormalities in neonates born in Amiralmomenin hospital of Sistan. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2014; 6(3):573-9.
4. Shawky R, Sadik D. Congenital malformations prevalent among Egyptian children and associated risk factors. Egyptian J Med Hum Genet. 2011; 12(1):69-78.
5. Shokohi M, Kashani KH. Prevalence and risk factors of congenital malformations in Hamadan. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2001; 12(35):42-5.
 6. Parmar A, Rathod SP, Patel SV. A study of congenital anomalies in newborn. NJIRM. 2010; 1(1):13-7.
 7. Karbasi SA, Golestan M, Fallah R, Mirnaseri F, Barkhordari K, Bafghee MS. Prevalence of congenital malformations in Yazd (Iran). Acta Med Iran. 2009; 47(2):149-53.
 8. Aliakbarzadeh R, Rahnama F, Hashemian M, Akaberi A. The incidence of apparent congenital abnormalities in neonates in mobini maternity hospital in Sabzevar, Iran in 2005-6. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2009; 15(4):231-6.
9. Ghorbani M, Parsian N, Mahmoodi M, Jalalmanesh S. The incidence rate of congenital abnormalities and anomalies associated with social and individual factorsof family In babies born in the province's hospitals in years 2000. J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2003; 6(2):66-73.
10. Karimi A, Daliri S, Sayeh Miri K. The relationship between violence during pregnancy and low birth weight: a meta-analysis study. J Hayat. 2016; 22(3):216-28.
11. Amini Nasab Z, Aminshokravi F, Moodi M, Eghbali B, Fatemimogadam F. Demographical condition of neonates with congenital abnormalities under Birjand city health centers during 2007-2012. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2014; 21(1):96-103.
12. Obu H, Inawa J, Uleanya ND, Adimora GN, Obi IE. Congenital malformations among newborns admitted in the neonatal unit of a tertiary hospital in Enugu, South-East Nigeria--a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5:177-86.
 13. Alijehan R, Mirzarahimi M, Ahmadi-hadi P, Hazrati S. Prevalence of congenital abnormalities and its related risk factors in Ardabil, Iran, 2011. J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2013; 16(54):16-25. 14. Singh K, Krishnamurthy K, Greaves C, Kandamaran L, NielsenAL, Kumar A. Major congenital malformations in barbados: the prevalence, the pattern, and the resulting morbidity and mortality. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 2014:651783.
 15. Sokal R, Tata LJ, Fleming KM. Sex prevalence of major congenital anomalies in the United Kingdom: a national population-based study and international comparison meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2014; 100(2):79-91.
 16. Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E. The prevalence of congenital anomalies in Europe. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010; 686:349-64.
 17. Tomatir AG, Demirhan H, Sorkun HC, Koksal A, Ozerdem F, Cilengir N. Major congenital anomalies: a five-year retrospective regional study in Turkey. Genet Mol Res. 2009; 8(1):19-27. 18. Sarkar S, Patra C, Dasgupta MK, Nayek K, Karmakar PR. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in neonates and associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. J Clin Neonatol. 2013; 2(3):131-4.
19. Ekanem TB, Okon DE, Akpantah AO, Mesembe OE, Eluwa MA, Ekong MB. Prevalence of congenital malformations in Cross River and Akwa Ibom states of Nigeria from 1980-2003. Congenit Anom. 2008; 48(4):167-70.
20. Costa CM, Gama SG, Leal MD. Congenital malformationsin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors. Cadernos Saude Publica. 2006; 22(11):2423-31.
 21. Thong MK, Ho JJ, Khatijah NN. A population-based study of birth defects in Malaysia. Ann Hum Biol. 2005; 32(2):180-7.
 22. Al Hosani H, Salah M, Abu-Zeid H, Farag HM, Saade D. The national congenital anomalies register in the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2005; 11(4):690-9.
23. Sawardekar K. Profile of major congenital malformations at Nizwa Hospital, Oman: 10 year review. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005; 41(7):323-30.
24. Madi SA, Al-Naggar RL, Al-Awadi SA, Bastaki LA. Profile of major congenital malformations in neonates in Al-Jahra region of Kuwait. East Mediterr Health J. 2005; 11(4):700-6.
 25. Taboo ZA. Prevalence and risk factors for congenital anomalies in Mosul city. Iraqi Postgrad Med J. 2012; 22(2):140-6.
26. Khoshhal-Rahdar F, Saadati H, Mohammadian M, Hafar-Rangchi M, Mohazzab-Torabi S, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of congenital malformations in Dezful-2012. Genet 3rd Millen. 2013; 12(3): 3622-31.
 27. Askarpour S, Ostadian N, Javaherizadeh H, Chabi S. Omphalocele, gastroschisis: Epidemiology, survival, and mortality in Imam Khomeini hospital, AhvazIran. Pol Przegl Chir. 2012; 84(2):82-5.
28. Afshar M, Golalipour MJ, Farhud D. Epidemiologic aspects of neural tube defects in South East Iran. Neurosciences. 2006; 11(4):289-92.
29. Mashhadi-Abdolahi H, Kargar-Maher MH, Afsharnia F, Dastgiri S. Prevalence of congenital anomalies: a community-based study in the Northwest of Iran. ISRN Pediatr. 2014; 2014:920940. 30. Bateni A, Dastgiri S, Mosaferi M, Heidarzadeh M. Applications of spatial analysis in congenital anomalies registries. J Clin Res Govern. 2013; 2(2):70-2.
31. Masoodpoor N, Arab-Baniasad F, Jafari A. Prevalence and pattern of congenital malformations in newborn in Rafsanjan, Iran (2007-08). J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2013; 15(3):114-7.
32. Jalili D, Fathi M, Jalili C. Frequency of cleft lip and palate among live births in Akbar Abadi Hospital. Acta Med Iran. 2012; 50(10):704-6.
33. Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2004; 57(1):35-43.
 34. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Prev Med. 2007; 45(4): 247-51.
 35. Bazyar J, Daliri S, Sayehmiri K, Karimi A, Delpisheh A. Assessing the relationship between maternal and neonatal factors and low birth weight in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Life. 2015; 8(4):23-31.
 36. Taheri M, Dehghani A, Lotfi M, Shadkam MN, Fallahzadeh H. Study of maternal risk factors associated with the incidence of congenital heart disease: a case-control study. Nurs Children. 2014; 2(1):70-8.
 37. Abdolahi H, Karamooz M, Kargarmaher M, Khosroshahi H, Dastgiri S. Epidemiology of congenital malformations in the city of Tabriz, a population-based study. Health Image. 2014; 5(3):26-30.
38. Mohsenzadeh A, Saket S, Ahmadipour S, Beharvand B. Prevalence and types of congenital heart disease in babies born in the city of Khorramabad (2007- 2011). Yafte. 2013; 15(5):23-9.
39. Jalali SZ, Fakhraie SH, Afjehiy SA, Kazemian MT. The incidence of obvious congenital abnormalities among the neonates born in Rasht hospitals in 2011. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2015; 19(2):109-17.
40. Dastgiri S, Heidarzadeh M, Dastgiri A. Tabriz registry of congenital anomalies: a report of 10 years of monitoring birth defects in Iran. Congenit Anom. 2013; 53(2):98-9.
 41. Kavianyn N, Mirfazeli A, Aryaie M, Hosseinpour K, Golalipour M. Incidence of birth defects in Golestan province. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016; 17(4):73-7.
 42. Nikyar B, Sedehi M, Qorbani M, Nikyar A, Golalipour MJ. Ethnical variations in the incidence of congenital heart defects in Gorgan, Northern Iran: a singlecenter study. J Tehran Univ Heart Center. 2014; 9(1):9-14.
43. Mohamadzadeh I, Sorkhi H, Alizadeh-Navei R. Prevalence of external congenital malformation in neonates born in Mehregan hospital north of Iran. Genet 3rd Millen. 2012; 11(1):2990-5.
44. DastgiriS, Taghizadeh M, Heidarzadeh M. Early diagnosis and screening of congenital cardiac anomalies. Cardiol Young. 2011; 21(2):194-6.
 45. Shekouhi M, Mani Kashani K. Prevalance of obvious congenital anomalies and some related factors in newborns in Fatemieh hospital of Hamedan during march to september 1999. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2002; 12(35):42-7.
 46. Golalipour MJ, Najafi L, Keshtkar AA. Prevalence of anencephaly in Gorgan, Northern Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2010; 13(1):34-7.
 47. Vakilian K, Hajian S, Sadghian A. Frequency of congenital structural anomalies in newborns of Shahroud, Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2013; 15(9):95.
48. Nazemighomshi A, Nikoui P, Khezri M, Rejaie M, Hajizadeh F, Soleimanian S, et al. Prevalence of apparent major congenital malformations in babies born at the hospital in Bandar Abbas. Genet 3rd Millen. 2011; 9(4):2554-9.
49. Sarrafan N, Mehdinasab S, Arastoo L. Evaluation of prevalenceof congenital upper & lower extremity abnormalies in neonatal live births in Imam and Razi Hospitals of Ahvaz. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2011; 10(1):13-9.
 50. Golalipour MJ, Mirfazeli A, Mobasheri E. Incidence and pattern of congenital malformation in Gorgan north of Iran. J Med Sci. 2013; 13(8):834-8.
 51. Sereshti M, Banaeyan S, Kazemeyan A. Prevalence of apparent major congenital malformations and some associated factors, in terminated pregnancies in Hajar hospital of Shahrekord, 2005-2006, Iran. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2008; 10(1):36-43.
52. Ahmadzadeh A, Safikhani Z, Abdulahi M, Ahmadzadeh A. Congenital Malformations among live births at Arvand hospital, Ahwaz, Iran-A prospectivstudy. Pak J Med Sci. 2008; 24(1):33-7.
 53. Aliakbarzadeh R, Rahnama F, Hashemian M, Akaberi A. The incidence of apparent congenital anomalies in neonates in mobini maternity hospital in Sabzevar, Iran in 2005-6. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2008; 15(4):231-6.
 54. Khatami F, Mamuri GA. Survey of congenital major malformation in 10,000 newborns. Iran J Pediatr. 2005; 15(4):315-20.
 55. Dastgiri S, Imani S, Kalankesh L, Barzegar M, Heidarzadeh M. Congenital anomalies in Iran: a cross-sectional study on 1574 cases in the NorthWest of country. Child Care Health Dev. 2007; 33(3):257-61.
 56. Pouladfar G, Mallahzadeh A. The prevalence of minor congenital anomalies and normal variations in neonates in Bushehr Port. Iran South Med J. 2005; 8(1):43-52.
57. Hematyar M, Khajouie P. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in 1000 live births in Javaheri Hospital, Tehran, 2004. Med Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch. 2005; 15(2):75-8.
 58. Ghahremani M, Meshki M, Abasi A. Prevalence and etiology of congenital malformations in infants born alive 22-Bahman hospital during the years 1994- 2001. J Res Health. 2002; 7(1):1-7. 59. Marzban A, Sadeghzade M, Mousavinasab N. The frequency of congenital malformations in newborns. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2001; 9(37):33-8.
60. Khosravi S. Determine the prevalence of congenital malformations in newborns in Taleghani and Ghods hospitals in Arak, Iran, during spring 2000. J Arak Univ Med Sci. 2001; 4(1):5-9.
61. Tootoonchi P. Easily identifiable congenital anomalis: prevalence and risk factors. Acta Med Iran. 2003; 41(1):15-9.
62. Zamani A, Amini E, Kaveh M, Aminzadeh V. Prevalence of congenital malformations in neomate born in Imam Khomeini and Shariati hospitals. Sci J Forensic Med. 2000; 6(20):19-25.
63. Congenital anomalies. World Health Organization. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs370/en/; 2016.
 64. Hussain S, Asghar I, Sabir MU, Chattha MN, Tarar SH, Mushtaq R. Prevalence and pattern of congenital malformations among neonates in the neonatal unit of a teaching hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014; 64(6):629-34.
 65. Abbey M, Oloyede OA, Bassey G, Kejeh BM, Otaigbe BE, Opara PI, et al. Prevalence and pattern of birth defects in a tertiary health facility in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Int J Womens Health. 2017; 9:115-21.
66. Bhide P, Gund P, Kar A. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in an Indian maternal cohort: healthcare, prevention, and surveillance implications. PLoS One. 2016; 11(11):e0166408.
Iranian Journal of Neonatology
Volume 9, Issue 2
June 2018
Pages 21-32

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics