<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
			<journal>
			<title>Iranian Journal of Neonatology</title>
			<title_fa>مجله نوزادان ایران</title_fa>
			<short_title>IJN</short_title>
			<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
			<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/</web_url>
			<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
			<journal_hbi_system_user></journal_hbi_system_user>
			<journal_id_issn>2251-7510</journal_id_issn>
			<journal_id_issn_online>2322-2158</journal_id_issn_online>
			<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
			<journal_id_doi></journal_id_doi>
			<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
			<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
			<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
			<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
			<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
			<language>en</language>
			<pubdate>
				<type>jalali</type>
				<year>0</year>
				<month>0</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<pubdate>
				<type>gregorian</type>
				<year>2026</year>
				<month>10</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<volume>17</volume>
			<number>4</number>
			<publish_type>online</publish_type>
			<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
			<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
			<articleset><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>The Hidden Burden: Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Long-term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants (34-36 Weeks)</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Editorial</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Late preterm infants (LPIs), born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation, now constitute approximately 70% of all preterm births globally. Driven by rising rates of cesarean deliveries and assisted reproductive technologies, this demographic has surged. Because LPIs generally exhibit high survival rates and lack the catastrophic acute morbidities of extreme prematurity, they are frequently mislabeled as &quot;near-term&quot; or &quot;low-risk.&quot; Consequently, they are often discharged early with minimal follow-up. However, this optimistic clinical perception masks a profound epidemiological reality: the true cost of late prematurity is not measured in neonatal mortality, but in a massive, hidden burden of long-term disability.Recent epidemiological modeling integrating Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data reveals a striking paradox. While the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rate per infant is highest in extremely preterm neonates, the sheer volume of LPI births results in the highest population-level DALY burden among all preterm subgroups—exceeding 14.2 million DALYs globally. Crucially, over 94% of this burden is driven by Years Lived with Disability (YLD) rather than Years of Life Lost (YLL). The burden of late prematurity is almost entirely composed of chronic, subtle morbidities that persist long after the vulnerable infant leaves the hospital, imposing lifelong challenges on families and educational systems.The biological rationale for these outcomes lies in the specific neurodevelopmental trajectory interrupted at 34 to 36 weeks. This period is a critical window for rapid cortical folding, active myelination, and the establishment of complex thalamocortical connections. Extrauterine exposure during this vulnerable phase disrupts microstructural connectivity, white matter maturation, and synaptic pruning. Consequently, LPIs do not typically present with severe cerebral palsy, but rather with pervasive executive function deficits. Longitudinal cohort data demonstrate that LPIs have a 45% higher risk of developing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a 62% increased risk of specific learning disabilities compared to term infants, alongside a measurable reduction in mean IQ scores.These findings necessitate an urgent paradigm shift in perinatal and pediatric care. The designation of LPIs as &quot;low-risk&quot; must be abandoned. Health systems must transition from a sole focus on acute neonatal survival to ensuring optimal long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for all preterm survivors. This requires implementing risk-stratified, long-term develop-pmental surveillance programs specifically tailored for LPIs, focusing on early school readiness, behavioral screening, and targeted educational interventions. Furthermore, obstetricians must strictly adhere to guidelines delaying elective deliveries until 39 weeks to prevent iatrogenic late prematurity. Ultimately, recognizing the hidden burden of late prematurity is the first step toward unlocking the full neurodevelopmental potential of these vulnerable children. By redefining our clinical approach, we can transform the trajectory of millions of lives worldwide. We can no longer afford to let a massive generation of children silently carry the hidden burden of neurodevelopmental impairment.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Neurodevelopmental Outcomes, Infants, Disability-Adjusted</keyword>
				<start_page>1</start_page>
				<end_page>2</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28329.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Reza</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Saeidi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>saeidi@sbmu.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124520</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Health Research Center, Research Institute for
Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>A Comparison of Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes between Complicated Monochorionic Triamniotic and Dichorionic Triamniotic Pregnancies after Selective Fetal Reduction by Radiofrequency Ablation</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Triplet pregnancies are associated with significant perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, often necessitating selective fetal reduction (SFR) to improve outcomes. This study compares perinatal and neonatal outcomes between complicated monochorionic triamniotic (MC-TA) and dichorionic triamniotic (DC-TA) triplet pregnancies undergoing selective fetal reduction using radiofrequency ablation (RFA).
Methods: This retrospective cohort study, conducted at Yas Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 2017 to March 2024, included all complicated MC-TA and DC-TA triplet pregnancies undergoing RFA between 16 and 26 weeks’ gestation. Outcomes included live birth rate, miscarriage rate, gestational age at delivery, and neonatal metrics (birth weight, Apgar scores, and neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] admission). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05.
Results: Of 32 triplet pregnancies (20 DC-TA and 12 MC-TA), the mean gestational age at RFA was significantly lower in MC-TA (19.58 ± 1.8 weeks) than in DC-TA (22.3 ± 2.1 weeks; p = 0.005). Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) was the primary indication for MC-TA (50%), while selective fetal growth restriction (FGR) predominated in DC-TA (45%). The overall pregnancy survival rate was 78.1%, with live birth rates of 70% in MC-TA and 74.3% in DC-TA (p = 0.72). Miscarriage rates were 25% in MC-TA and 20% in DC-TA (p = 0.68). Mean gestational age at delivery (MC-TA: 35.1 ± 2.3 weeks; DC-TA: 34.4 ± 3.0 weeks; p = 0.51) and neonatal outcomes (birth weight, Apgar scores, and NICU admission) were comparable.
Conclusion: RFA is an effective intervention for selective fetal reduction in complicated triplet pregnancies, yielding a 78.1% pregnancy survival rate with no significant differences in perinatal or neonatal outcomes between MC-TA and DC-TA groups. RFA is recommended as a safe, minimally invasive option, with post-procedure ultrasound monitoring advised to mitigate complications.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Dichorionic triamniotic, Monochorionic triamniotic, Neonatal Outcomes, Perinatal outcomes, Radiofrequency Ablation, Selective fetal reduction</keyword>
				<start_page>3</start_page>
				<end_page>9</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28361.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Fatemeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Rahimi-Sharbaf</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>rahimish@sina.tums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124606</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mahboobeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Shirazi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mahboobehshirazi4@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124607</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fatemeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Golshahi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>fgolshahi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124608</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Behrokh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Sahebdel</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>behrokh-gbwm@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124609</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Zeinab</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Assareh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>na.umsha2020@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124610</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Hamadan, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Hamideh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Parsapour</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>h.parsapour.haj@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124611</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Clinical Research Development Unit of Fatemieh Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Neonatal Pneumothorax Cases Managed with Chest Tube: A 5-Year Single-Center Experience</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the demographic characteristics, risk factors, treatment outcomes, and factors affecting mortality in neonatal pneumothorax cases treated with chest tubes in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods: Data from 97 neonates diagnosed with neonatal pneumothorax and treated with chest tubes between January 2019 and October 2023 were analyzed in a retrospective cohort design. Patients&#039; demographic characteristics, clinical findings, accompanying comorbidities, treatment processes, and outcomes were analyzed. Factors affecting mortality were determined using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.
Results: Of the 97 cases included in the study, 72.2% were male. The mean gestational age was 33.4 ± 4.6 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 2313 ± 1022 grams. A diagnosis of pneumothorax was made within the first three days of life in 74.2% of cases. Pneumothorax was most commonly located on the right side (49.5%), and the most common accompanying pathologies were respiratory distress syndrome (33.0%) and congenital pneumonia (24.7%). The overall mortality rate was 37.1%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, 5th-minute Apgar score &lt;7 (adjusted OR: 6.64; 95% CI: 2.07–21.28; p = 0.001), presence of bilateral pneumothorax (adjusted OR: 4.44; 95% CI: 1.12–17.62; p = 0.034), and low birth weight (OR: 8.41 for 1500–2499 g; OR: 9.53 for &lt;1500 g) were determined as independent mortality predictors.
Conclusion: The findings of this five-year retrospective cohort study demonstrate that mortality is significantly high in neonatal pneumothorax cases treated with chest tubes. Low birth weight, low 5th-minute Apgar score, and the presence of bilateral pneumothorax are strong and independent predictors of mortality. Close monitoring and early aggressive treatment approaches are essential to reduce mortality in newborns with these risk factors.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Chest tube, Mortality, Neonatal pneumothorax, Newborn, Risk factors</keyword>
				<start_page>10</start_page>
				<end_page>17</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28352.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Halil</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Aslan</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>drhaslan1@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124570</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Neonatology, Şanlıurfa Education and Research Hospital, 63250 Şanlıurfa, Turkey</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fatih</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>İşleyen</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>drfisleyen88@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124571</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Neonatology, Şanlıurfa Education and Research Hospital, 63250 Şanlıurfa, Turkey</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>İhsan</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Yildirim</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>dr.ihsanyildirim6363@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124572</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Neonatology, Şanlıurfa Education and Research Hospital, 63250 Şanlıurfa, Turkey</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mehmet</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Kiliç</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>dr_mehmet63@hotmail.com</email>
				<code>124573</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Neonatology, Şanlıurfa Education and Research Hospital, 63250 Şanlıurfa, Turkey</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mehmet</first_name>
				<middle_name>Fatih</middle_name>
				<last_name>Deveci</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>dr-mfd@hotmail.com</email>
				<code>124574</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Şanlıurfa, Turkey</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Poor Breastfeeding and Pre-mature Birth as Leading Causes of Neonatal Jaundice in a Nigerian Community</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of a newborn baby&#039;s skin and eyes, caused by an excess of bilirubin—a yellow pigment from red blood cells—in the baby&#039;s blood. It is a leading cause of hospitalization in the first week of life worldwide. If inappropriately managed, it can result in significant bilirubin-induced mortality and disability.
Methods: This study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive retrospective research design was employed, and a sample of 100 neonates was selected using a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected from the medical records of all neonates admitted for jaundice during the study period. The collected data were analyzed using tables, frequencies, and percentages.
Results: The findings revealed a high incidence of neonatal jaundice among neonates admitted to the NICU, accounting for 100 (40%) of admissions. Of this percentage, female neonates (50.4%) presented with jaundice more frequently than their male counterparts (49.6%). The study identified poor breastfeeding as the leading cause, accounting for 28 (28%) of cases, followed by premature birth 20 (20%), infection 15 (15%), severe anaemia 12 (12%), ABO incompatibility 10 (10%), idiopathic causes 10 (10%), and other causes 5%. No cases of jaundice due to fever were recorded (0%). The types/variants of jaundice identified were: breastfeeding jaundice 42 (42%), physiological jaundice 36 (36%), and other forms 22 (22%).
Conclusion: The incidence of neonatal jaundice is high in the community, affecting male and female neonates almost equally. Jaundice is predominantly of the breastfeeding and physiological types. Among other recommendations, it is advised that government and health workers promote programs to enhance public/parental education on the impact of breastfeeding on neonatal jaundice through campaigns, rallies, and workshops in the community and other similar communities.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Breastfeeding, Intensive care, Jaundice, Neonates, Risk factors</keyword>
				<start_page>18</start_page>
				<end_page>25</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28364.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Phoebe</first_name>
				<middle_name>N</middle_name>
				<last_name>Kanikwu</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>nwakanikwu@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124631</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Edo State University, Nigeria</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Samuel</first_name>
				<middle_name>Adinoyi</middle_name>
				<last_name>Seriki</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>seriki.samuel@edouniversity.edu.ng</email>
				<code>124630</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Human Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, Edo State University, Nigeria</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Neonatal Abdominal Distension: A Spectrum of Causes and Clinical Outcomes in a Tertiary NICU</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Abdominal distension is a common and potentially serious presentation in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This study aimed to investigate the etiologies, management, and outcomes of neonates with abdominal distension in a tertiary referral center in southern Iran.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included all neonates admitted with abdominal distension to Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, from September 2021 to September 2024. Data were obtained from hospital records using a structured checklist and analyzed with SPSS version 26. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.
Results: A total of 171 neonates were included, 109 (63.7%) male and 62 (36.3%) female, with a mean age at presentation of 10.5 ± 12.1 days, gestational age of 35.6 ± 4.5 weeks, and birth weight of 2775.5 ± 781.6 g. Obstructive causes were found in 84 (49.1%) cases and non-obstructive in 87 (50.9%). The most frequent etiologies were unknown (19.9%), imperforate anus (19.9%), and Hirschsprung disease (18.1%). Congenital anomalies were present in 35.7%, mainly congenital heart disease (81.9%). Compared with non-obstructive cases, the obstructive group presented earlier (5.0 ± 8.3 vs. 14.0 ± 13.6 days, p &lt; 0.001), had higher birth weight (2889.6 ± 711.1 vs. 2597.0 ± 725.1 g, p = 0.043), and longer hospital stay (10.9 ± 10.3 vs. 7.4 ± 6.7 days, p = 0.007). Overall mortality was 12.1%, with no significant group difference (p = 0.28).
Conclusion: Neonatal abdominal distension was nearly equally due to obstructive and non-obstructive causes, with congenital malformations being major contributors. Early diagnosis, screening for anomalies, and timely intervention are essential to improve outcomes.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Abdominal distension, Infant, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Newborn, Treatment outcome</keyword>
				<start_page>26</start_page>
				<end_page>31</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28332.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Roya</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Oboodi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>oboodidp@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124530</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Behnaz</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Erfani</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>dr.behnaz.erfani2@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124531</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Hamide</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Barzegar</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>hamide.barzegar@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124532</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Zahra</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Hashemi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>z_hashemi@sums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124533</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Seyed Mostajab</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Razavinejad</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>razavimo@sums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124534</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mehrdad</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Rezaei</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>md_rezaie@yahoo.co.uk</email>
				<code>124535</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Reza</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Bahrami</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>bahramir@sums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124536</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Khadijeh Sadat</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Najib</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>nzahrasan@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124537</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fariba</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Hemmati</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>hemmatif@sums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124538</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Small or Large for Gestational Age Births: A Cohort-Based Study from Semnan, Iran</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Folic acid supplementation (FAS) has been shown to prevent neural tube abnormalities. However, the association between maternal FAS and fetal development outcomes beyond the twelfth week of pregnancy is still unclear. This cohort study aimed to explore the effects of maternal FA intake prior to and during pregnancy on the incidence of small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), low birth weight (LBW), and high birth weight (HBW).
Methods: A total of 505 pregnant women who visited Semnan health centers between 2018 and 2021 participated in this prospective Semnan birth cohort study. Data regarding FAS intake were recorded for different periods. Univariate comparisons employed t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi-square tests. To control for confounders, multivariable logistic regression and general linear models (ANCOVA) were used, adjusting for maternal age, BMI, education, employment, and residence. Adjusted odds ratios and mean differences with 95% CIs were calculated.
Results: We found that ongoing FAS (400 µg/day) from 1 month before conception and throughout all three trimesters significantly increased the risk of HBW (adjusted OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.02–8.52) without affecting the incidence of SGA, LBW, or LGA.
Conclusion: To verify these results, it is recommended to conduct further studies or large-scale trials along with monitoring folate levels during the entire pregnancy.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Birth Cohort, Birth weight, folic acid, Infant</keyword>
				<start_page>32</start_page>
				<end_page>38</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28351.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Maryam</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Hemmati</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mhmt1998@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124566</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fatemeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Paknazar</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>paknazar2306@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124567</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Majid</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Mirmohammadkhani</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>majidmirmohammadkhani@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124568</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Kobra</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Bahrampour Juybari</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>bahrampour82@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124569</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Phenobarbital Administration in Pregnancies Undergoing IUT Due to Rh Alloimmunization: A Single-Blinded Randomized Trial</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>تحقیقی اصیل</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Original Article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization and the ensuing hemolysis in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) result in significant prenatal and postnatal mortality and morbidity through severe fetal anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Phenobarbital induces hepatic enzymes involved in bilirubin metabolism. This study aimed to assess the effect of maternal phenobarbital administration on reducing postnatal blood exchange transfusion and phototherapy.
Methods: This parallel-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial with a control group was performed on 75 pregnant women undergoing intrauterine transfusion (IUT) for Rh alloimmunization. The trial is described as single-blinded (only the assessing pediatrician was blinded), and the control group received no placebo. Participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups using the random allocation rule. The intervention group received 30 mg of phenobarbital three times daily from ten days prior to the estimated due date until actual delivery. The women were followed up until delivery to assess pregnancy outcomes, including incidence of icterus or need for postnatal phototherapy or exchange transfusion.
Results: The first total bilirubin in the intervention group was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) lower than that in the control group (4.99 ± 1.39 vs. 10.52 ± 5.88). The study outcomes, including icterus (p &lt; 0.001), need for phototherapy (p &lt; 0.001), and exchange transfusion (p &lt; 0.001), were significantly lower in the intervention group. Logistic regression analysis showed that phenobarbital prescription in the intervention group significantly (p &lt; 0.001) decreased the need for exchange transfusion by 94%.
Conclusion: This trial indicates the efficacy of late-gestation maternal phenobarbital (as a safe and low-cost intervention) in reducing postnatal hyperbilirubinemia and the need for phototherapy and exchange transfusion in neonates with severe Rh alloimmunization treated by IUT.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Exchange transfusion, Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), Hyperbilirubinemia, Phenobarbital, Phototherapy</keyword>
				<start_page>39</start_page>
				<end_page>45</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28363.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Fatemeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Rahimi-Sharbaf</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>rahimish@sina.tums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124617</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Sara</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Saeedi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>sarasaidi9292@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124618</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fatemeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>gholshahi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>fgolshahi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124619</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mahboobeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Shirazi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mahboobehshirazi4@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124620</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Behrokh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Sahebdel</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>behrokh_gbwm@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124621</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mohamadreza</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Zarkesh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>zarkesh@sina.tums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124622</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mozhgan</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Sina</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mozhgansina@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124623</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Arash</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Jafarieh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>a-jafarieh@tums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124624</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Sima</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Amini</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>sima91amini@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124625</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Sania</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Saeedi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>saina.saeedi75@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124626</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Sare</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Ezzati</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>sareh_ezzati@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124627</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Parisa</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Najjari</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>parisa_najjari@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124628</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Golshan</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Manteghi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>golshanmanteghi.zums@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124629</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Yas Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>The Diagnostic Challenge of an Accompanying Tracheal Bronchus and Meckel's Diverticulum: A Case Report</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>گزارش موارد نادر</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Case Report</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: A tracheal bronchus is a rare congenital abnormality in which an abnormal bronchus arises from the trachea. The prevalence of a tracheal bronchus is approximately 0.9% to 3% in the population. Due to its low prevalence, association with other anomalies, and overlapping symptoms, this condition often goes undiagnosed or is diagnosed late.
Case Report: This article discusses a case of an infant born at 37 weeks’ gestation. The baby required a right thoracotomy after experiencing cyanosis during feeding, leading to a diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula. During bronchoscopy, an abnormal orifice was noted above the carina. Subsequently, contrast material was introduced into the orifice and evaluated under fluoroscopy.
Conclusion: The fluoroscopic examination confirmed that the observed orifice did not represent a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Fluoroscopy findings showed that the orifice was an accessory bronchus connected to the right lung. In this case, the use of Visipaque during fluoroscopy significantly aided the diagnosis. The routine use of contrast agents for diagnosing tracheobronchial diseases in children is uncommon. The significant aspect of this case is the utilization of contrast material during fluoroscopy, which facilitated an accurate diagnosis. The low incidence of tracheal bronchus has resulted in limited progress in diagnostic and treatment research. When tracheobronchial anomalies are suspected, the use of contrast agents during imaging can expedite diagnosis.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Fluoroscopy, Tracheal bronchus, tracheobronchial diseases</keyword>
				<start_page>46</start_page>
				<end_page>49</end_page>
				<web_url>https://ijn.mums.ac.ir/article_28362.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Nazanin</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Farahbakhsh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>nazanin26farahbakhsh@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124612</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Seyed Ahmad</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Tabatabaii</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>ahmadtabatabaii@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124613</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Shamsollah</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Nouripour</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>sh.noripour@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124614</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Clinical Research Development Center, Mahdiyeh Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mahmoud</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Hajipour</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>m.hajipour13@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124615</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Children’s Gastroenterology, Liver and Nutrition Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Saba</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Ramezani</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>sabaramezani60@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124616</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article>
			</articleset>
			</journal>