Prevalence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Patients with Congenital Hypothyroidism in Qazvin, Iran (2015)

Authors

1 Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

2 Student Research Committee, School of Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

4 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism increases the risk of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Children with hearing impairment are prone to communication disorders. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of SNHL in patients with congenital hypothyroidism in Qazvin, Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on children with transient or permanent congenital hypothyroidism in Qazvin province, Iran in 2015. The patients were identified through national neonatal thyroid screening during 2006-2011. Hearing loss was assessed using the auditory brainstem response (ABR). A minimum of three years of follow-up was carried out to determine the permanency of congenital hypothyroidism. Data analysis was performed using t-test and Chi-square.
Results: In total, 155 children with congenital hypothyroidism were enrolled in the study, including 67 females (43.2%) and 151 cases of primary congenital hypothyroidism. Abnormal ABR was observed in 10 patients (6.45%) (6.6% in permanent cases and 6.1% in transient cases), seven of whom were female. In addition, eight patients with primary congenital hypothyroidism and two patients with central congenital hypothyroidism had abnormal ABR (P=0.165). Mean primary thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (52.45±39.91 versus 38.23±28.03 IU/l; P=0.355) and T4 (6.07±4.33 versus 6.98±3.40 µg/dl; P=0.307) had no significant differences in the children with SNHL and other patients. At the beginning of the treatment, mean age of the children with SNHL was 28.50±22.13 days, while it was 28.87±30.34 days in the other subjects (P=0.909).
Conclusion: According to the results, the prevalence of SNHL was lower in the patients with congenital hypothyroidism compared to the reported rates in other countries. However, the assessment of hearing loss should be prioritized in the infants with congenital hypothyroidism.

Keywords


1. Agrawal P, Philip R, Saran S, Gutch M, Razi MS, Agroiya P, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 19(2):221-7.
2. Rastogi MV, LaFranchi SH. Congenital hypothyroidism. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010; 5:17.
 3. Ford G, LaFranchi SH. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: a worldwide view of strategies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 28(2):175-87.
 4. Veisani Y, Sayehmiri K, Rezaeian S, Delpisheh A. Congenital hypothyroidism screening program in Iran; a systematic review and metaanalysis. Iran J Pediatr. 2014; 24(6):665-72.
 5. Ordooei M, Rabiei A, Soleimanizad R, Mirjalili F. Prevalence of permanent congenital hypothyroidism in children in Yazd, Central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2013; 42(9):1016-20.
6. Hashemipour M, Ghasemi M, Hovsepian S, Heiydari K, Sajadi A, Hadian R, et al. Prevalence of permanent congenital hypothyroidism in Isfahan-Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(12):1365-70.
 7. Ghasemi M, Hashemipour M, Hovsepian S, Heiydari K, Sajadi A, Hadian R, et al. Prevalence of transient congenital hypothyroidism in central part of Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2013; 18(8):699-703.
 8. Razavi Z, Mohammadi L. Permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism in Hamadan west province of Iran. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 14(4):e38256.
9. Saleh DS, Lawrence S, Geraghty MT, Gallego PH, McAssey K, Wherrett DK, et al. Prediction of congenital hypothyroidism based on initial screening thyroid-stimulating-hormone. BMC Pediatr. 2016; 16:24.
 10. Silvestrin SM, Leone C, Leone CR. Detecting congenital hypothyroidism with newborn screening: the relevance of thyroid-stimulating hormone cutoff values. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017; 93(3):274-80.
11. Clause M. Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr Nurs. 2013; 28(6):603-8. 12. LaFranchi SH, Huang SA. Hypothyroidism. In: Stanton BF, St Geme III JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016. P. 2665-77.
 13. American Academy of Pediatrics, Rose SR; Section on Endocrinology and Committee on Genetics, American Thyroid Association, Brown RS; Public Health Committee, et al. Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. 2006; 117(6):2290-303. 14. Alemu A, Terefe B, Abebe M, Biadgo B. Thyroid hormone dysfunction during pregnancy: a review. Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd). 2016; 14(11):677-86.
15. Ahmed RG. Hypothyroidism and brain developmental players. Thyroid Res. 2015; 8:2.
 16. Kumar J, Gordillo R, Kaskel FJ, Druschel CM, Woroniecki RP. Increased prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2009; 154(2):263-6.
 17. Mustapha M, Fang Q, Gong TW, Dolan DF, Raphael Y, Camper SA, et al. Deafness and permanently reduced potassium channel gene expression and function in hypothyroid Pit1dw mutants. J Neurosci. 2009; 29(4):1212-23.
18. Lang-Roth R. Hearing impairment and language delay in infants: diagnostics and genetics. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014; 13:Doc05.
19. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing; American Academy of Audiology; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. Year 2000 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, American Academy of Audiology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Speech-LanguageHearing Association, and Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. Pediatrics. 2000; 106(4):798-817.
 20. Bizhanova A, Kopp P. Genetics and phenomics of Pendred syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 322(1-2):83-90.
21. Brucker-Davis F, Skarulis MC, Pikus A, Ishizawar D, Mastroianni MA, Koby M, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of hearing loss in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81(8):2768-72.
22. DeLong GR, Stanbury JB, Fierro-Benitez R. Neurological signs in congenital iodine-deficiency disorder (endemic cretinism). Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985; 27(3):317-24.
23. De Luca F, Muritano M, Mamí C, Siracusano MF, Galletti F, Galletti B, et al. Hypoacusis of the perceptive type and congenital hypothyroidism. Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1986; 33(1):35-7.
24. Wasniewska M, De Luca F, Siclari S, Salzano G, Messina MF, Lombardo F, et al. Hearing loss in congenital hypothalamic hypothyroidism: a wide therapeutic window. Hear Res. 2002; 172(1-2): 87-91.
25. Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M, Debruyne F, Dooms L, Eggermont E, Eeckels R. Sensorineural hearing loss in sporadic congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 1983; 58(6):419-22.
 26. Hashemipour M, Hovsepian S, Hashemi M, Amini M, Kelishadi R, Sadeghi S. Hearing impairment in congenitally hypothyroid patients. Iran J Pediatr. 2012; 22(1):92-6.
27. Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M, Debruyne F, Dooms L, Eggermont E, Eeckels R. Sensorineural hearing loss in sporadic congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 1983; 58(6):419-22.
28. Crifò S, Lazzari R, Salabè GB, Arnaldi D, Gagliardi M, Maragoni F. A retrospective study of audiological function in a group of congenital hypothyroid patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1980; 2(4):347-55.
29. Rovet J, Walker W, Bliss B, Buchanan L, Ehrlich R. Long-term sequelae of hearing impairment in congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 1996; 128(6):776-83.
30. Bellman SC, Davies A, Fuggle PW, Grant DB, Smith I. Mild impairment of neuro-otological function in early treated congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 1996; 74(3):215-8.
 31. Lichtenberger-Geslin L, Dos Santos S, Hassani Y, Ecosse E, Van Den Abbeele T, Léger J. Factors associated with hearing impairment in patients with congenital hypothyroidism treated since the neonatal period: a national population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98(9):3644-52. 32. Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014; 94(2):355-82.
33. Knipper M, Richardson G, Mack A, Müller M, Goodyear R, Limberger A, et al. Thyroid hormonedeficient period prior to the onset of hearing is associated with reduced levels of beta-tectorin protein in the tectorial membrane: implication for hearing loss. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276(42):39046-52.
34. Bryda EC. The Mighty Mouse: the impact of rodents on advances in biomedical research. Mo Med. 2013; 110(3):207-11.
35. Friedman LM, Dror AA, Avraham KB. Mouse models to study inner ear development and hereditary hearing loss. Int J Dev Biol. 2007; 51(6-7):609-31.
36. Schroeder AC, Privalsky ML. Thyroid hormones, t3 and t4, in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014; 5:40.
37. Chan S, Kilby MD. Thyroid hormone and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol. 2000; 165(1):1-8.